Document Type

Article

Publication Title

Medical tourism patient guidance: A content analysis of risk reduction guidelines available to global health seekers.

Volume

19

Issue

4

First Page

718

Last Page

732

Publication Date

8-6-2026

Abstract

This study examines medical tourism (MT) patient guidance messages intended to reduce procedural risks—those directly related to biomedical treatments—and process risks, which involve logistical, administrative, and interpersonal challenges of seeking healthcare abroad. The analysis focuses on print and digital publications authored by individuals independent of the MT industry, including policy researchers, travel health experts, lifestyle reporters, and consumer-focused medical travel writers. Using a two-phase digital and database search strategy, 27 publications from 2009 to 2024 were identified and analyzed using exploratory content analysis methods. Findings reveal important differences in the scope and depth of guidance aimed at reducing risks for MT patients and caregiving companions. While some risk-reduction topics are addressed consistently across publication types, others that are known contributors to MT-related morbidity and mortality were not identified. This inconsistency in patient guidance may contribute to preventable cases of consumer fraud, substandard care, and adverse health outcomes. Discrepancies in health information can create knowledge gaps and lead to negative expectancy violations among patients and caregivers. A discussion of findings, methodological limitations, and practical considerations for improving MT risk communication are provided.

Publication Information

Complimentary ePrints of the article are available here: https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/SFX5RHWPCME3QYAG3XMB/full?target=10.1080/20479700.2025.2535987

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